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Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Xiaomao WANG,Yuqin MAO,Shun TANG,Hongwei YANG,Yuefeng F. XIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 3-15 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0734-1

摘要： Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.

关键词： Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) drinking water standards regulatory compliance alternative disinfection information collection rule (ICR) emerging DBPs

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 374-379 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0411-1

摘要：

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the different factors of analgesic therapy and the compliance of chronic pain inpatients. We prospectively investigated 100 consecutive inpatients with non-cancer chronic pain who were hospitalized to receive oral analgesic treatment in the Pain Department of West China Hospital from May 2013 to October 2013. Patients who completed the treatment plan were recorded as good compliance, whereas patients who partly completed or even refused the treatment were recorded as moderate or non-compliance, respectively. A total of 73 (73.7%), 17 (17.1%), and 9 (9.2%) patients showed good, moderate, and non-compliance, respectively. Univariate analyses showed significantly better compliance among farmers, patients educated in college or above, with family income of<3000 CNY, and with severe or moderate pain than those employed and unemployed (P=0.02), patients educated below college (P=0.013), with family income of≥3000 CNY (P=0.025), and with mild pain (P<0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the family income of≥3000 CNY (OR: 2.50, 95%CI: 1.65–4.51, P=0.021) and mild pain (OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.03–3.31, P=0.016) were associated with moderate or non-compliance with oral analgesic treatment. In conclusion, the low compliance with oral treatment of analgesics was found in Chinese inpatients with chronic pain and compliance was negatively associated with family income and degree of pain of patients.

关键词： chronic pain inpatient oral paregoric drugs compliance

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Association of metabolic syndrome with arterial compliance in children and adolescents

ZHANG Li, MI Jie, LI Ming, JIANG Benyu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 68-73 doi: 10.1007/s11684-007-0014-6

摘要： The association of metabolic syndrome (MS) with arterial compliance in children and adolescents was explored. 337 subjects (188 men and 149 women) aged 6 18 (10.95?3.01) years, out of Beijing Child Metabolic Syndrome Study , were divided into three case groups (one component, two components, three & more components of MS) and one control group based on the Cook s MS definition in children and adolescents. Measurements including anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, serum lipid profile were done. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated for estimating individual insulin resistance. Arterial compliance was measured using digital pulse wave analyzing method from the pulse trace machine (Micro medical, London), and then the stiffness index (SI) was determined. The mean value of SI in MS group was significant higher than that in control group [(7.69?1.63) vs (6.25?0.86) m/s, <0.01]. With the increase of the clustering of MS components, SI and HOMA-IR were gradually increased. After taking account of gender, age and pubertal development, the partial correlation analysis showed that the amount of components of MS and HOMA-IR were positively correlated with SI (both values were less than 0.05). The arterial compliance of MS group was significantly lowered in children and adolescents, and with the increase of the clustering of MS components, arterial compliance was gradually decreased. It was suggested that arterial compliance assessment in children and adolescents was important for early prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

关键词： compliance assessment correlation analysis cardiovascular clustering HOMA-IR

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The regulatory sciences for stem cell-based medicinal products

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第2期页码 190-200 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0323-5

摘要：

Over the past few years, several new achievements have been made from stem cell studies, many of which have moved up from preclinical stages to early, or from early to middle or late, stages thanks to relatively safe profile and preliminary evidence of effectiveness. Moreover, some stem cell-based products have been approved for marketing by different national regulatory authorities. However, many critical issues associated mainly with incomplete understanding of stem cell biology and the relevant risk factors, and lack of effective regulations still exist and need to be urgently addressed, especially in countries where establishment of appropriate regulatory system just commenced. More relevantly, the stem cell regulatory sciences need to be established or improved to more effectively evaluate quality, safety and efficacy of stem cell products, and for building up the appropriate regulatory framework. In this review, we summarize some new achievements in stem cell studies, especially the preclinical and clinical studies, the existing regulations, and the associated challenges, and we then propose some considerations for improving stem cell regulatory sciences with a goal of promoting the steadfast growth of the well-regulated stem cell therapies abreast of evolvement of stem cell sciences and technologies.

关键词： stem cell-based medicinal products (SCMPs) stem cell therapy (SCT) safety effectiveness standards guidelines regulatory science

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中国建筑企业海外经营合规管理研究

罗敏,李启明

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第4期页码 87-96 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.04.010

摘要：

中国建筑企业“走出去”、海外经营可持续发展，离不开有效的合规管理。本文系统梳理了世界银行对于资助建设项目的制裁体系，总结了发达国家、国际组织针对大型企业跨国业务运营所采取的管制措施，相关内容是中国建筑企业掌握国际通行规则、合规开展国际业务的技术性参考。重点针对 2009—2020 财年中国建筑企业海外经营发生的“不合规”事件开展分析，总结了“不合规”事件的基本特征及面临后果，指出了国际监管力度逐步加强、项目东道国的业务经营环境不佳、母国对建筑企业海外经营的规制薄弱等突出问题。研究建议，我国应加强正式和非正式的国际合作，加快刑法激励机制、行政监管激励机制等法律制度建设，融合先进技术对建筑企业进行合规指导与合规监管，注重培养涉外业务合规管理人才，着力提升中国建筑企业海外经营水平和合规管理能力。

关键词：建筑企业海外经营合规管理世界银行国际合作

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Zero E-waste: Regulatory impediments and blockchain imperatives

Mengjun Chen, Oladele A. Ogunseitan

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1402-x

摘要： Abstract • Copyrights on electronic products are impediments in promoting circular economy. • Manufacturers antagonize refurbishment and remanufacturing to maximize profit. • International harmonization of copyright laws will aid repair and remanufacture. • Blockchain–digital immutable ledgers–can promote trust among stakeholders. The concept of zero waste is an ideal situation that will require different solutions for different categories of waste. Electronic waste (E-waste), the fastest growing category of solid hazardous waste presents various unique challenges. Electronic product repair, reuse and remanufacture (3re) are crucial for effective source reduction of E-waste and the integration of the electronics industry into a circular or zero-waste economy framework. Increasingly, 3re implementation is restricted by regulatory difficulties, particularly the invocation of copyright laws. Here, we use the examples of electronic printer cartridges and restored compact discs (CDs) to identify the challenges and to explore solutions for managing the risks associated with E-waste through circular economy and the opportunities presented by innovative Blockchain solutions. A set of international consensuses on judicial definitions, such as 3re, refurbish fake/counterfeit product and copyright exhaustion, are proposed to accelerate source reduction in E-waste management toward the goal of zero waste.

关键词： Blockchain E-waste Regulatory Policy Copyright Laws Repair-Reuse-Remanufacture Toxicity

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Why does environmental compliance cost more than penalty?

DONG Hongwei

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 434-442 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0069-2

摘要： In the environmental protection field of China, due to lower law-breaking cost but higher law-abiding cost , it is a common case that the enterprise chooses to break through the law on purpose. The punishment to the unlawful pr

关键词： law-abiding punishment environmental protection law-breaking enterprise

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Liver cell therapies: cellular sources and grafting strategies

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 432-457 doi: 10.1007/s11684-023-1002-1

摘要： The liver has a complex cellular composition and a remarkable regenerative capacity. The primary cell types in the liver are two parenchymal cell populations, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, that perform most of the functions of the liver and that are helped through interactions with non-parenchymal cell types comprising stellate cells, endothelia and various hemopoietic cell populations. The regulation of the cells in the liver is mediated by an insoluble complex of proteins and carbohydrates, the extracellular matrix, working synergistically with soluble paracrine and systemic signals. In recent years, with the rapid development of genetic sequencing technologies, research on the liver’s cellular composition and its regulatory mechanisms during various conditions has been extensively explored. Meanwhile breakthroughs in strategies for cell transplantation are enabling a future in which there can be a rescue of patients with end-stage liver diseases, offering potential solutions to the chronic shortage of livers and alternatives to liver transplantation. This review will focus on the cellular mechanisms of liver homeostasis and how to select ideal sources of cells to be transplanted to achieve liver regeneration and repair. Recent advances are summarized for promoting the treatment of end-stage liver diseases by forms of cell transplantation that now include grafting strategies.

关键词： liver regeneration hepatocytes cholangiocytes stem cells organoids regulatory mechanisms transplantation/grafting strategies

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METABOLIC AND TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALS METABOLITE VARIATION AND FLAVONOID REGULATORY NETWORKS IN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第2期

摘要：

Metabolites, especially secondary metabolites, are very important in the adaption of tea plants and the quality of tea products. Here, we focus on the seasonal variation in metabolites of fresh tea shoots and their regulatory mechanism at the transcriptional level. The metabolic profiles of fresh tea shoots of 10 tea accessions collected in spring, summer, and autumn were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-obitrap mass spectrometry. We focused on the metabolites and key genes in the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway integrated with transcriptome analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that metabolites were distinctly different with seasonal alternation. Flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids and alkaloids were the predominant metabolites. Levels of most key genes and downstream compounds in the flavonoid pathway were lowest in spring but the catechin quality index was highest in spring. The regulatory pathway was explored by constructing a metabolite correlation network and a weighted gene co-expression network.

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Twenty years of achievements in China’s implementation of the Stockholm Convention

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第12期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1587-7

摘要：

● China’s implementation of the SC was systematically studied.

关键词： Stockholm Convention Persistent organic pollutants Compliance Effectiveness

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调节性T细胞及其在抗肿瘤免疫疗法中的临床应用 Review

解丰, 梁瑞, 李丹, 李斌

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第1期页码 132-139 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.12.002

摘要：

癌症是可能危及生命的疾病，特点在于肿瘤细胞在宿主身上无限增殖。最近，因其具有预防肿瘤进展和转移的巨大潜力，免疫疗法受到越来越多研究者的关注。调节性T 细胞（Treg）是对维持宿主免疫稳态起重要作用的抑制性CD4+ T 细胞的一个亚群。调节性T 细胞缺陷可引起严重的自身免疫、过敏和自身炎症等疾病。调节性T 细胞通常富集在肿瘤微环境中，而大量免疫抑制调节性T细胞往往表明预后较差。因此，人们对调节性T 细胞的功能及其在抗肿瘤免疫疗法中的临床应用再次产生了兴趣。越来越多的策略关注调节性T 细胞的消耗，这在抗肿瘤免疫方面似乎有效。预计调节性T 细胞靶向策略与其他疗法（如嵌合抗原受体T 细胞疗法或免疫检查点阻断）联用将为提高抗肿瘤疗效带来重大机遇。

关键词：调节性T细胞癌症免疫疗法

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METABOLIC AND TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALS METABOLITE VARIATION AND FLAVONOID REGULATORY NETWORKS IN

Chen-Kai JIANG, De-Jiang NI, Ming-Zhe YAO, Jian-Qiang MA, Liang CHEN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》页码 215-230 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021382

摘要： Metabolites, especially secondary metabolites, are very important in the adaption of tea plants and the quality of tea products. Here, we focus on the seasonal variation in metabolites of fresh tea shoots and their regulatory mechanism at the transcriptional level. The metabolic profiles of fresh tea shoots of 10 tea accessions collected in spring, summer, and autumn were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-obitrap mass spectrometry. We focused on the metabolites and key genes in the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway integrated with transcriptome analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that metabolites were distinctly different with seasonal alternation. Flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids and alkaloids were the predominant metabolites. Levels of most key genes and downstream compounds in the flavonoid pathway were lowest in spring but the catechin quality index was highest in spring. The regulatory pathway was explored by constructing a metabolite correlation network and a weighted gene co-expression network.

关键词： harvest season metabolites tea shoots transcriptomics untargeted metabolomics

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Landing control method of a lightweight four-legged landing and walking robot

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0707-1

摘要： The prober with an immovable lander and a movable rover is commonly used to explore the Moon’s surface. The rover can complete the detection on relatively flat terrain of the lunar surface well, but its detection efficiency on deep craters and mountains is relatively low due to the difficulties of reaching such places. A lightweight four-legged landing and walking robot called “FLLWR” is designed in this study. It can take off and land repeatedly between any two sites wherever on deep craters, mountains or other challenging landforms that are difficult to reach by direct ground movement. The robot integrates the functions of a lander and a rover, including folding, deploying, repetitive landing, and walking. A landing control method via compliance control is proposed to solve the critical problem of impact energy dissipation to realize buffer landing. Repetitive landing experiments on a five-degree-of-freedom lunar gravity testing platform are performed. Under the landing conditions with a vertical velocity of 2.1 m/s and a loading weight of 140 kg, the torque safety margin is 10.3% and 16.7%, and the height safety margin is 36.4% and 50.1% for the cases with or without an additional horizontal disturbance velocity of 0.4 m/s, respectively. The study provides a novel insight into the next-generation lunar exploration equipment.

关键词： landing and walking robot lunar exploration buffer landing compliance control

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药品监管科学推动中国新冠病毒疫苗研发概述 Review

黄志明, 付志浩, 王军志

《工程（英文）》 2022年第10卷第3期页码 127-132 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.01.001

摘要：

监管科学是一门综合应用自然科学、社会科学和人文科学，开发新工具、新标准和新方法，以评估受监管产品的安全性、有效性、质量和性能的学科。监管科学研究的根本目的是为行政决策提供技术支撑。在甲型H1N1流感、严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）和中东呼吸综合征（MERS）等传染病大流行期间，监管科学研究有力支持了抗病毒药物和疫苗的研发。特别在新型冠状病毒（简称新冠病毒）肺炎（COVID-19）疫情大流行期间，药品监管科学支持下的疫苗研发在疫情防控中发挥了重要作用。本文总结了中国疫苗产业、新冠病毒疫苗研发以及疫苗监管科学发展的总体概况。此外，本文重点从国家规划、法律法规、技术指南、质量控制和疫苗上市后监管等方面，回顾和分析了监管科学研究为推动中国新冠病毒疫苗研发所发挥的重要作用。本文为当前大流行阶段以及后疫情时代的疫苗研发策略制定提供参考，并为将来如何更好地应对新发和再发传染病提供借鉴和指导。

关键词：监管科学新冠病毒疫苗疫苗产业

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Regulatory issues for genetically modified animals

Perry Bradbury HACKETT

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 188-203 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019307

摘要：

Precision genetics and breeding have the potential to meet the agricultural needs and goals of the world in the 21st century. These needs include increasing the efficiency of production of animals and improving their products with minimal impact on the environment. The USA is the major innovator in genomic science and the acknowledged leader in formulating policies to regulate genetic applications in medicine and agriculture. However, governments worldwide have been exceedingly reluctant to support the introduction of genetically modified (GM) animals into agriculture. Regulatory policies have stagnated due to legal guidelines that could not anticipate the needs and solutions that are evident today. This must change if we are to maintain planetary integrity. I propose a new, market-based regulatory model for GM livestock that has both a strong scientific foundation and has worked for 10000 years. The model is similar to that for information technology in which specific algorithms drive computer and cell phone applications. Genome engineers write genetic algorithms that drive the traits in biological organisms. Accordingly, GM products should be viewed in terms of their use and public benefit rather than by limitations to the genetic programing coming from a few highly vocal groups. Genetic algorithms (Genapps) of the 21st century will include not only introduction of synthetic genes, but also complete natural and synthetic biochemical pathways to produce agricultural products that are maximally efficient, healthy to humans and animals, and sustainable in an era of changing climates while avoiding environmental degradation.

关键词： algorithms editing FDA GMO recombinant DNA USDA